Historians employ a variety of methods to interpret the past such as a comparative analysis or studying change-over-time. Few take the approach that history is consistent throughout a prolonged span of time and that a region of the world remains largely unchanged. The twentieth century was one of the most eventful centuries in human history with two world wars, that by themselves altered entire continents, and the fall of European colonialism throughout the world. In the twentieth century, the United States rose from a powerful nation in the Western Hemisphere to what one French scholar called a hyperpower.

In 1270, King Louis IX died during the eighth crusades at Tunis. Sometime prior, likely between 1260 to his death, a letter of advice was addressed to his first-born son, Prince Philip. The penmanship of the letter has been called in to question by scholars of European history, but this essay will assume the author was King Louis IX of France. The likely audience for the letter was only Philip, and perhaps his council. The letter seeks to guide Philip on his journey to kinghood and what characteristics best befit a young ruler. It was intended to show Philip the best path to have a strong relationship with God and his future subjects.

The Cuban missile crisis is one of the most studied historical events. In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of nuclear and conventional war. The earliest historiography of the crisis was completed by journalists such as Elie Abel and Soviet scholars such as Arnold L. Horelick. After the Soviet and American archives were opened, historians, such as the Cold War scholar John Lewis Gaddis, took on the project of correcting myths and providing a more complete picture of the crisis.

In November 2000, American hurried to the voting booths to decide who they believed should lead the nation into the twenty-first century. After multiple recounts in the state of Florida, and America seating on the edge of her seat, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the recounting in Florida should end, and George Walker Bush be declared the winner of the election. American foreign policy would be forever changed after the terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C and the military invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Africans were enslaved and forcibly relocated all throughout the world. Over the course of the next four hundred years, people of African descent all across the world were continuously confronted with economic oppression, injury, or death due to the color of their skin. After slavery legally ended in the United States, intentionally racist policies were put into place to keep African Americans systematically oppressed in the South by the white majority. Equity and equality for African Americans was simply impossible during this era. W.E.B. Du Bois labelled this the “Negro Problem.” Booker T. Washington and Du Bois had vastly different views to solve the “Negro Problem.”

In the thousands of years of human existence, until recently, global migration was a common occurrence on every continent. Humans were not labelled as “illegally” for simply being alive. “Despite the rise of nationalism, the nineteenth century (1815–1914) has been characterized as the century of free movement and fairly unlimited migration” (Bader, 334).

In my last paper, I discussed that the English Civil War and Puritan Revolution was primarily caused by the ideas of King Charles I and Parliament. While political and religious ideas heavily influenced Charles I and Parliament, the better explanation is in the Annales school perspective. The intellectual perspective does not take into account the long history of Christian influence on England.

The English Civil War and Puritan revolution was a very bloody and terrible time for England, Scotland, and Ireland. It is difficult to pinpoint exactly when the civil war began. Some scholars suggest that the war began the moment King Charles I married his catholic wife Henrietta from France; others suggest it started the moment Charles entered into Parliament in January 1642 to arrest five members of Parliament. The war officially began in October 1642 at Edgehill where Charles was defeated which set off a series of battles and political power struggles between Parliament, the King, and the religious leaders in England, Scotland, and Ireland.

The English Civil War began in September 1640, when King Charles I was forced to recall parliament into session due to lack of funding to attack the Scots after a failed attempt to suppress a rebellion and a failed attempt to negotiate with the Short Parliament just a few months earlier. The new (Long) Parliament, being fiercely opposed to Charles’ unilateral eleven-year reign, passed a series reforms including one law that required Parliament to meet once every three years regardless of the King’s consent and another that stated that the King could no longer dissolve Parliament without its consent.

In recent decades a lot of literature has been written on correlation between student achievement and parental involvement. The Journal of Education Psychology, has stated that parental involvement can predict “improved child literacy.”[1] Garry Hornby and Rayleen Lafaele of New Zealand write, the “benefits of [parental involvement] . . . include: improved parent–teacher relationships, teacher morale and school climate; improved school attendance, attitudes, behavior and mental health of children; and, increased parental confidence, satisfaction and interest in their own education.”[2] The question then must be asked—if the benefits of parental involvement in school are so great to a child’s educational development, than why, prior to the coronavirus pandemic, were there not more parents involved in their child(ren)’s school? To explore this question, four specific factors will be examined: language and cultural barriers, English proficiency and level of education, socio-economic status, and the parent’s belief about their involvement. Perhaps after exploring these four factors, it might become clear how schools can help bridge the gap between educators and the non-involved parents.

The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 was one of the most significant events in human history. The pandemic likely altered the course of the twentieth century. The pandemic is estimated to have killed 50 million people worldwide. The disease spread throughout the entire world and may have infected one-third of the worldwide population. The disease had four devastating waves, the second wave being the most lethal. The responses to the virus varied from country to country and sometimes from city to city.

At the end of 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) transferred from animals to humans in China. COVID-19 spread throughout the world, effecting almost every country on Earth. The global pandemic shut down the world economy, stopped movement of people, and caused the death of thousands of people. The devastation COVID-19 wreaked on the world has been incredibly powerful. In the United States, COVID-19 has caused, at the writing of this paper, over 160,000 deaths and has infected millions of others. At a time in world history like 2020, looking back to the philosophers that have pondered death is helpful and sometimes relieving.

Many universities around the United States require students to take philosophy as a university core class.  Philosophy is an important subject for students because it broadens a student’s view on the workings of the world and proposes an important question: what makes humans, human? One of the most popular and studied philosophers in world history is Aristotle. For over two thousand years, the work of Aristotle has been influencing philosophers, scientists, and students alike.

African history is incredibly rich and diverse. Within Africa, Ethiopia, formally known as Abyssinia, has one of the most documented histories of any nation on earth. For example, Ethiopia is one of the few nations that is mentioned in the Bible and other religious texts from around the world. From the time of Moses to the colonization of Africa, Ethiopia has maintained its sovereignty from outside influences to this very day. There are many events in Ethiopian history that are significant to African history as a whole, but the Battle of Adwa in March of 1896, stands out as one of the most important events in African history.